zaterdag 26 november 2022
Waarom alle wezensvormen gerealiseerd worden
Bij Aristoteles valt het ontologische uiteen in het contingente en noodzakelijke, het epistemische in het waarschijnlijke en zekere, en het logische in het particuliere en universele. Kenmerkend voor zijn metafysica is dat het contingente, het waarschijnlijke en het particuliere in elkaars verlengde liggen. Als iets waarschijnlijk is, dan geldt het voor de meeste, maar niet voor alle gevallen. Het is dan dus particulier en niet universeel. Uiteraard is het dan ook niet noodzakelijk, maar contingent. Het noodzakelijke, het zekere en het universele liggen bij Aristoteles eveneens in elkaar verlengde. Als iets zeker is, dan is dat bij Aristoteles zo omdat het noodzakelijk is. En dan geldt het dus ook universeel oftewel in alle gevallen. Hieruit volgt dat alles wat mogelijk is in heden, verleden of toekomst ook werkelijk is. Want als iets, zeg P, mogelijk is, dan is niet-P niet noodzakelijk, zodat op grond van het voorgaande niet-P niet universeel is. En omdat niet-P niet universeel is, volgt dat niet in alle gevallen niet-P geldt. Er moet dus een geval in de werkelijkheid zijn waarin P geldt. Kortom, P is werkelijk. Alles wat mogelijk is, is dus inderdaad werkelijk in heden, verleden of toekomst. Zo wordt inzichtelijk waarom volgens Arisoteles alle wezensvormen noodzakelijkerwijs van een potentiële toestand overgaan in een actuele toestand. Er zijn geen ongerealiseerde potenties. Alle potenties zullen uiteindelijk in heden, verleden of toekomst gerealiseerd worden.
zaterdag 19 november 2022
Het wereldbeelden argument - column voor filosofisch tijdschrift Sophie (2022-6)
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Soφie is een filosofisch tijdschrift dat zesmaal per jaar verschijnt. Zij biedt een intellectuele uitdaging door kritisch na te denken over actuele onderwerpen, geïnspireerd door de christelijke traditie.
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wereldbeelden argument
zondag 13 november 2022
Inability and the absolute
We cannot know whether our theories adequately describe the absolute. For we cannot know whether the very act of our thinking (or perceiving) always already transforms each thought (or experience) to such an extent that the transformed result radically differs from the absolute. And no, this is not Kantianism. Quite to the contrary. It’s an integral thesis of my world-for-us epistemology as outlined in e.g. my book Contra Kant. For Kant incoherently claims to know precisely how our human cognitive faculties operate from an absolute perspective. But it’s precisely our inherent inability to know this that grounds our lack of knowledge of the absolute. Kant was hopelessly mistaken to ground our lack of knowledge of the absolute in a detailed complex affirmative theory of knowledge that is supposed to be absolutely true and that involves all kinds of forms of perception, categories of thought and ideas of reason - whereas our inability to know the absolute is simply grounded in our inability to know whether our cognitive faculties act or do not act transformatively on the absolute. That’s why, contra Kant, we should never assert anything about the nature of the relationship between the ‘for us’ and the ‘in itself’. For doing so limits the ‘for us’. It subsumes the ‘for us’ under the nature of that relationship, while the ‘for us’ is for us all-encompassing.
But isn't the 'for us' the relationship between an 'us in itself' and the 'in itself'? This might be true, but even if so, it's unknowable to us. The ‘for us’ is what I call in my theory of knowledge the world as it is for us. It’s the world as it is thought and experienced by us. We are thrown in the-world-for-us and how it relates to the-world-in-itself forever escapes us. Since it’s impossible for us to know the ‘in itself’, it’s also impossible for us to know whether what we call the ‘for us’ is or is not the relationship between an ‘us in itself’ and the ‘in itself’. This might be so, but we shall never know. For we cannot escape the ‘for us’. That’s why on my world-for-us theory of knowledge we refrain from any claim about the true ontological nature of the ‘for us’. We do all our projects, including science and metaphysics, firmly within the ‘for us’ without saying anything about its true nature. The ‘for us’ is for us magical.
The consequences are immense. For if we accept that we cannot escape the ‘for us’, so that all our projects - including metaphysics - are firmly performed from within the ‘for us’, then broadly accepted human intuitions become an epistemically legitimate part of metaphysics.
But isn't the 'for us' the relationship between an 'us in itself' and the 'in itself'? This might be true, but even if so, it's unknowable to us. The ‘for us’ is what I call in my theory of knowledge the world as it is for us. It’s the world as it is thought and experienced by us. We are thrown in the-world-for-us and how it relates to the-world-in-itself forever escapes us. Since it’s impossible for us to know the ‘in itself’, it’s also impossible for us to know whether what we call the ‘for us’ is or is not the relationship between an ‘us in itself’ and the ‘in itself’. This might be so, but we shall never know. For we cannot escape the ‘for us’. That’s why on my world-for-us theory of knowledge we refrain from any claim about the true ontological nature of the ‘for us’. We do all our projects, including science and metaphysics, firmly within the ‘for us’ without saying anything about its true nature. The ‘for us’ is for us magical.
The consequences are immense. For if we accept that we cannot escape the ‘for us’, so that all our projects - including metaphysics - are firmly performed from within the ‘for us’, then broadly accepted human intuitions become an epistemically legitimate part of metaphysics.
woensdag 9 november 2022
Matter and meaning
A text is meaningful (and thus has meaning) if and only if there is precisely one assignment of its words to meanings such that applying the assignment to the text results in a comprehensible narrative for at least one properly functioning mind. So without minds there is no meaning. Moreover, it follows that a piece of matter has meaning just in case it has a structure to which assignments as aforementioned can be applied and precisely one of them results in a comprehensive narrative for an well-functioning mind. The reference specifically to minds - instead of e.g. to processors of symbols - is essential. For without conscious beings there would surely be patterns, activity and processes, but there would be no comprehension and thus no meaning.
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